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Primary Sources (United States History)

This guide is an introduction to what primary sources are in the field of history, how to use primary sources, how to read and transcribe original documents and links to on-line primary sources by historic topic.

Using Archives

Archival materials are stored in secure closed storage and retrieved for researchers, one box or item at a time, to view in a designated area. Every archive will have their own procedures, hours, and guidelines for using archival materials. Conducting research in an archive requires advanced planning and preparation. 

Planning and Preparing

  • If you are having trouble locating primary sources, ask an archivist or Librarian.
  • Review the policies/guidelines and visiting hours on the archive’s website before your visit.
  • Be prepared to request materials in advance. Most archives require advanced notice before you conduct onsite research.
  • Expect to spend more than a couple of hours conducting archival research. Make sure you give yourself enough time to pursue your research.

Analyzing Primary Sources

  1. Read any material that accompanies the primary source. If you have found a primary source in an archive or online, there may be a summary of it or the collection it comes from available.
  2. Summarize as you read the primary source. Write down any keywords words or phrases. If there are words or phrases you do not understand look them up on Google.
  3. If the primary source leads you to ask more questions about it make sure to write them down. Think about additional information you need to deepen your understanding of the source.
  4. Make connections with what you already know to help put the primary source into historical context.
  5. Based on the text in the primary source what can you infer? Write down your thoughts and conclusions.
  6. Observe the physical attributes of the source. What can you learn from the format of the primary source? What does this tell you about it?
  7. Check to see if the primary source has a date and creator/author. 
  8. Does the primary source have an intended audience? Based on the audience of the primary source what conclusions can you draw about it?