What started at the turn of the century as an effort to gain a day of recognition for the significant contributions the first Americans made to the establishment and growth of the U.S., has resulted in a whole month being designated for that purpose.
One of the very first proponents of an American Indian Day was Dr. Arthur C. Parker, a Seneca Indian, who was the director of the Museum of Arts and Science in Rochester, N.Y. He persuaded the Boy Scouts of America to set aside a day for the “First Americans” and for three years they adopted such a day. In 1915, the annual Congress of the American Indian Association meeting in Lawrence, Kans., formally approved a plan concerning American Indian Day. It directed its president, Rev. Sherman Coolidge, an Arapahoe, to call upon the country to observe such a day. Coolidge issued a proclamation on Sept. 28, 1915, which declared the second Saturday of each May as an American Indian Day and contained the first formal appeal for recognition of Indians as citizens.
The year before this proclamation was issued, Red Fox James, a Blackfoot Indian, rode horseback from state to state seeking approval for a day to honor Indians. On December 14, 1915, he presented the endorsements of 24 state governments at the White House. There is no record, however, of such a national day being proclaimed.
The first American Indian Day in a state was declared on the second Saturday in May 1916 by the governor of New York. Several states celebrate the fourth Friday in September. In Illinois, for example, legislators enacted such a day in 1919. Presently, several states have designated Columbus Day as Native American Day, but it continues to be a day we observe without any recognition as a national legal holiday.
In 1990 President George H. W. Bush approved a joint resolution designating November 1990 “National American Indian Heritage Month.” Similar proclamations, under variants on the name (including “Native American Heritage Month” and “National American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month”) have been issued each year since 1994.
|
Do you need… |
Try this… |
|
Background information, an overview, or established facts? |
Reference books: ex. encyclopedias, dictionaries, authoritative websites |
|
Comprehensive information on a topic? |
General books |
|
Current, in depth information? |
Scholarly journal articles (use a database!) |
|
Current, general information? |
Popular magazines, newspapers, news websites |
The Library's Books are shelved according to the Library of Congress' classification system.
Want to browse the shelves?
| E 59 .A68 | Indian Weapons |
| E 59 .R38 | Indian Mythology |
| E 75 - E 99 | Indians of North America |
| E 83.866 | Indians of North America--Wars--Great Plains |
| E 98 .M3 | Indian Masks -- North America |
| E 98 .R3 | Indians of North America -- Religion |
| E 188 | United States--History--Colonial Period, ca. 1600-1775 |
| G | Geography |
| G 149 - G 922 | Voyages and Travels |
| G 200 - G 336 | Discovery and Exploration |
| GF | Human Ecology; Anthrogeography |
| GN | Anthropology |
| GT 4995 .I53 | Native American Day |
| KF 8203.36 | Indians of North America -- Legal Status, Laws, etc. |
| KIE 19 | Indians of North America -- Treaties |
| PN 1995.9 .I48 | Indians in Motion Pictures |
| PS 153 .I52 | American Literature -- Indian Authors -- History and Criticism |
| UB 356 - UB 359 | Veterans |
Arthur Caswell Parker was an archaeologist at the Peabody Museum (Harvard) and the New York State Museum, an ethnologist at the New York State Library, and director of the Rochester (N.Y.) Museum of Arts and Sciences. He was also an editor and an author, writing primarily on the history of the Iroquois. Parker was a member of numerous historical organizations and president of the Society of American Indians, 1914-1915. He was an early advocate for establishing the Native American Indian Heritage Month. A Seneca on his father Frederick's side, he was the grandson of Nicholson Henry Parker and the great nephew of Ely Samuel Parker, General Ulysses S. Grant's military secretary. Nicholson and Ely Parker were sons of William Parker, who took the name of an English officer, and descendants of Handsome Lake, the Seneca prophet.
Faleomavaega a Somoan American used his seat on the committee to address the immediate concerns of his constituents and campaign for the interests of America’s native peoples everywhere. “I’ve always expressed an interest [in] the rights of the indigenous people throughout the world that I don’t think has been given fair treatment, I suppose you might put it in those terms,” Faleomavaega said towards the end of his career.28 Faleomavaega designed his work on behalf of America’s indigenous population in large part to raise awareness on issues affecting communities all over the country. One of his first legislative successes in 1990 (H.J. Res. 577) proclaimed November “Native American Indian Heritage Month,” which he replicated in 1991 and 1992. In the 102nd Congress, his bill to name 1992 the “Year of the American Indian” garnered 226 cosponsors, and he pushed to improve educational programs for American Indians everywhere.29 Democratic leaders took notice of his work, and for the 104th Congress (1995–1997) they named him the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Native American and Insular Affairs. In the subcommittee, he submitted a number of bills dealing with the federal recognition of American Indian nations and encouraging the tribes’ self-determination. For the 106th Congress (1999–2001), he was also named Ranking Democrat of the Subcommittee on Fisheries Conservation, Wildlife and Oceans.
Ronald Reagan the 40th President of the United States: 1981-1989 signed Proclamation 5745 establishing American Indian Week, Nov. 22-28, 1987.
George Bush 41st President of the United States: 1989 - 1993 signed Proclamation 6080— establishing National American Indian Heritage Week, 1989.
